depth = K·√t, solved for time. K interpolated across temperature on an Arrhenius fit to published total-case constants.
Grade shifts time ±10–15% at most — a trim, not the main dial. Temperature moves it far more.
Surface is carbon-driven and grade-independent; core is each grade's published range, not section-resolved. A ½″ and a 3″ part of the same grade land at different cores — treat core as a band, confirm on the part.